When You Read a Spanish Word That Has an Accent Mark, You Need to _____ That Syllable.
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Lecture 7. Stress
Any word spoken in isolation has at least one prominent syllable. We perceive it equally stressed. Stress in the isolated discussion is termed word stress, stress in connected speech is termed judgement stress. Stress is indicated by placing a stress mark before the stressed syllable: /'/.
Stress is divers differently by different authors. B.A. Bogoroditsky, for example, defined stress as an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity. D. Jones defined stress as the caste of force, which is accompanied by a strong forcefulness of exhala�tion and gives an impression of loudness. H. Sweet also stated that stress is connected with the strength of breath. A.C. Gimson also admits that a more prominent syllable is accompanied past pitch changes in the vox, quality and quantity of the accented sounds.
If we compare stressed and unstressed syllables in the words contract /'kυntrækt/ �������, to contract /tə kən'trækt/ ��������� �������, we may note that in the stressed syllable:
(a) the force of utterance is greater, which is connected with more
energetic articulation;
(b) the pitch of the vocalization is higher, which is connected with stronger
tenseness of the vocal cords and the walls of the resonance chamber;
(c) the quantity of the vowel /æ/ in /kυn'trækt/ is greater, the vowel
becomes longer;
(d) the quality of the vowel /æ/ in the stressed syllable is unlike
from the quality of this vowel in the unstressed position, in which it is
more narrow than /'æ/.
On the auditory level a stressed syllable is the office of the word which has a special prominence. Information technology is produced by a greater loudness and length, modifications in the pitch and quality. The physical correlates are: inten�sity, duration, frequency and the formant structure. All these features can be analysed on the acoustic level.
Word stress can exist defined as the singling out of one or more sylla�bles in a word, which is accompanied past the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound, which is unremarkably a vowel.
In different languages one of the factors constituting discussion stress is usually more significant than the others. According to the nigh impor�tant characteristic different types of word stress are distinguished in dissimilar languages.
1) If special prominence in a stressed syllable or syllables is achieved
mainly through the intensity of articulation, such type of stress is called dynamic, or force stress.
ii) If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly
through the change of pitch, or musical tone, such accent is chosen musical,or tonic. It is feature of the Japanese, Korean and other oriental languages.
3) If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables than in the unstressed ones, such blazon of stress is called quantitative.
4) Qualitative type of stress is accomplished through the changes in the qualityof the vowel under stress.
English word stress is traditionally defined every bit dynamic, but in fact, the special prominence of the stressed syllables is manifested in the Englishlanguage non only through the increment of intensity, but too through thechanges in the vowel quantity, consonant and vowel quality and pitch ul the vox.
Russian word stress is not only dynamic but mostly quantitative and qualitative. The length of the Russian vowels always depends on the position in a word. The quality of unaccented vowels in Russian may differgreatly from the quality of the same vowels under stress, eastward.thousand. /a/ in ��á�� , ������ó� is realized as /ā, ă, �/. /�, �, �/ undergo the greatest changes, /y/ and /�/ are non and so much reduced when unstressed.
Stress difficulties peculiar to the accentual structure of the English languageare connected with the vowel special and inherent prominence. In identical positions the intensity of English vowels is different. The highestin intensity is /a:/, then get /o:, �:, i:, u:, æ, υ, eastward, u, ı/.
The quantity of long vowels and diphthongs can be preserved in (a) pretonic and (b) mail service-tonic position in English.
a) idea /aı'dıə/ b) placard /'plæka:d/
sarcastic /sa:kæstık/ railway /'reılweı/
archaic /a:keık/ compound /'kυmpaund/
All English language vowels may occur in absolute syllables, the only excep�tion is /�/, which is never stressed. English vowels /i, u, əu/ tend to occur in unstressed syllables. Syllables with the syllabic /1, m, n/ are never stressed.
Unstressed diphthongs may partially lose their glide quality.
In stressed syllables English language stops have consummate closure, fricatives have full friction, features of fortis/lenis distinction are clearly defined.
Stress tin can be characterized as fixed and free. In languages with fixed blazon of stress the place of stress is e'er the same. For case, in Czech and Slovak the stress regularly falls on the first syllable. In Italian, Welsh, Polish it is on the penultimate syllable.
In English language and Russian word-stress is gratuitous, that is information technology may autumn on any syllable in a word:
on the outset � 'female parent ��
on the 2d � oc'casion ��������
on the third � deto'nation �������
Stress in English and in Russian is non only complimentary but also shifting. In both languages the identify of stress may shift, which helps to differentiate unlike parts of voice communication, e.thousand. 'insult � to irisult, 'import � to im'port. In Russian: ý���, �ú���, �á�� are adjectives, ���ó, ����ó, ���ó are advertising�verbs, ���, ���, ����� may be pronouns and conjunctions: ��ó ������ � ��� ������; �á� ����� � ��� �����; ����á ����� � ����� �����.
In English 'billow is ������� ���, exist'low � ����. Similar cases can be observed in Russian: �ý�� ����á, �á��� � ���ó�, ��ý��� � �����ú.
When the shifting of discussion-stress serves to perform distinctive func�tion, 5. Vassilyev terms this suprasegmental phonological unit of measurement class dis�tinctive accenteme, when it serves to distinguish the significant of differ�ent words, the term is word-distinctive accenteme.
Stress performs not only distinctive part, it helps to constitute and recognize words and their forms (constitutive and recognitive func�tions).
Strictly speaking, a polysyllabic word has as many degrees of stress as there are syllables in information technology.
Thereis some controversy near degrees of the word-stress terminol�ogy and nigh placing the stress marks. Nigh British phoneticians term the strongest stress primary, the second strongest secondary and all the otherdegrees of stress weak. The stress marks placed before the stressed syllables indicate simultaneously the places and the points of syllable segmentation: examination.
American descriptivists (B. Bloch, G. Trager) distinguish the follow�ing degrees of word-stress: loud /'/, reduced loud /^/, medial / ` /, weak, which is non indicated. H.A. Gleason defines the degrees of stress equally primary /'/, secondary /^/, tertiary / ` /, weak /ˇ/. H. Sugariness distinguishes week /ˇ/, medium, or one-half-stiff /:/, strong /�/ and extrastrong, or emphaticstress /;/.
V.A. Vassilyev, D. Jones, R. Kingdon consider that there are iii degrees of word-stress in English: primary � strong, secondary � partial, weak � in unstressed syllables. For example: certification /,s�:tıfı'keςən/.
Most English scientists place the stress marks earlier the stressed syl�lables and don't mark monosyllabic words.
Some American scientists suggest placing the stress marks to a higher place the vowels of the stressed syllable. They identify the stress marks even on monosyllabic words, east.grand. cát, máp.
In the Russian word-stress system there are two degrees of word air conditioning�cent: chief and weak. The stress marks in the Russian phonetic tradi�tion are placed above the vowels which are the nuclei of the syllable.
The lexicon of accent for TV and radio workers gives some words with two stresses / /́ � primary, /`/� secondary (��������).
Scientists distinguish between stressed and absolute syllables. O'Connor states that emphasis is indicated by stress and pitch combined. If a stress occurs without a downwardly step in pitch, the word concerned is not accented. Stressed syllables in the text accept the symbol /'/, air conditioning�cented syllables take the symbol /`/. For example: 'Are yous 'coming 'back again on ˛Dominicus? On tonograms stressed and unstressed syllables, ac�cording to O'Connor, correspond to large and pocket-size dots.
Gimson suggests mark accentual elements in the following mode:
،� a black dot with a down curve corresponds to the syllable, receiving primary accent.
●○ � a black dot, or a "white" dot corresponds to the syllable receiving secondary emphasis.
� � a tiny dot corresponds to the unaccented syllable. Here are some accentual patterns for two-, 3-, 4-, five-, 6- and 7-, 9- syllable words according to Gimson'southward representation:
●،unknown; female person, window ،●
،�� quantity, yesterday; tobacco, tomato �،○
○ ، �� remarkable, impossible; conterattack ○ �� ،
� ○ � ، � affiliation, consideration; rehabilitate ○ � ، � ○
characteristically ○ � �،� � �
unilateralism ○ �،� � ● �
In spite of the fact that word accent in the English stress organisation is gratuitous, there are certain factors that decide the place and different de�gree of word-stress. V.A. Vassilyev describes them every bit follows:
(1) recessive tendency, (2) rhythmic tendency, (3) retentive tendency and (4) semantic factor.
(1) Recessive trend results in placing the word-stress on the initial syllable. Information technology tin can be of two sub-types: (a) unrestricted recessive accent,
which falls on the first syllable: father /'f�:ðə/, mother /'mΛðə/ and (b) restricted recessive accent, which is characterized past placing the give-and-take
accent on the root of the give-and-take if this word has a prefix, which has lost its
pregnant: become /bı'kΛm/, begin /bı'gın/.
(2) Rhythmic tendency results in alternating stressed and unstressed
syllables, eastward.g. pronunciation /prə˛nΛnsi'eıςən/.
(3) Retentive trend consists in the retention of the primary accent
0� the parent word, e.g. person � personal /'p�:sn � 'p�:sn/. More than
commonly it is retained on the parent word as a secondary accent, e.g.
similar � similarity /'sımılə � ˛sımı'lærıtı/.
(iv) Semantic factor.
Given below are the rules of discussion-stress in English:
i. In words of two or 3 syllables the primary stress mostly falls on the
lust syllable, east.1000. 'error, 'chiffonier, 'sensible.
2. In prefixal words the primary stress typically falls on the syllable
lollowing the prefix, e.g. impossible, re'phone call, be'hind.
3. In prefixal words with prefixes having their ain meaning, the place
��secondary stress is on the prefix, e.g. anti-capitalist, ,ex-'government minister,˛Vice-'president, ˛ultra-́fashionable.
four. In prefixal verbs which are distinguished from similarly spelt nouns and adjectives, the place of stress is on the 2d syllable, nouns and adjectives have their stress on the initial syllable, e.thousand.
| verb | substantive | describing word |
| to com'pound | � | 'compound |
| to in'crease | 'increment | � |
v. Suffixes: -esce, -esque, -ate, -ize, -fy, -ette, ique, -ee, -eer, -ade take the place of stress on the preceding syllable or on themselves, e.g. p'ctu'resque, ciga'rette, ˛tech'nique, refe'ree, pio'neer, mari'nade, dic'tate.
6. Suffixes: -ical, ic, -ion, -ity, -ial, -cient, -iency, -eous, -ual, -uous,
-ety, -itous, -ive, -ative (-itive), -itude, -ident, -inal,-ital, -wardshave
the place of stress on the preceding syllable, e.m. eco'nomic, gra'mmatical,
po'sition, ma'jority, 'special, etc.
vii. In words of four or more syllables the place of stress is on the
antepenultimate syllable (tertiary from the stop), e. 1000. due east'mergency, ca'lamity, his'torical.
In compound words the beginning element is stressed when:
1.compounds are written as 1 give-and-take, eastward.m. 'appletree, 'sleeping accommodation, 'intendance�
taker, 'watchdog, 'downcast;
2. nouns are compounded of a verb and an adverb, e. yard. a 'pickup, a
'make-upward; but: ,����k�r 'up, ,runner 'up;
3. nouns in the possessive example are followed by another substantive, e.g. a
'doll's house, 'lady'due south maid.
In chemical compound words the 2nd element is stressed when:
ane.food items have the first element which is of a textile used in
manufacturing the whole, due east.thousand. apple 'tart.
2. names of roads, parks and squares are implied, e.1000. Cathedral 'Route,
Park 'Place (just Ca'thedral street);
three. parts of the business firm and other buildings are implied, e.g., front end 'door, ˛kitchen 'window;
four. adjectives with past participles characterizing persons, east.g.. ˛thick 'skinned, fold-blooded (only 'downcast);
5. compound nouns ending in -er or -ingare followed by adverbs, east.g. ˛passer 'by, gumming 'up.
Two equal stresses are observed: (a) in blended verbs, due east.chiliad. to 'give 'up, to 'come up 'in � emphatic; in spoken language stress may be neutral: 'surrender, 'come in;
(b) in numerals from xiii to nineteen, e.1000. ˛six'teen, ˛fif'teen. The semantic factor is observed in compounds:
(a) when compound nouns denote a single idea, eastward. grand. 'blacksmith (������), 'walking stick (�����, ������); 'drawing room (��������);
(b) when the offset chemical element of the compound is most important e.g.
'birthday (���� ��������), 'darning fieedle (���������� ����; Am. ��������);
(c) when the first chemical element of the chemical compound is contrasted with some
other word, e. thousand. 'flute role player (��������), not 'violin histrion (�������);
(d) when a chemical compound is very common and frequently used it may have
a unmarried stress, e.g. 'midsummer (�������� ����); 'midnight (�������).
The rhythmic tendency is very strong in modern English. Due to its influence there are such accentual variants every bit: backer /'kæpıtəlıst/, /kə'pıtəlıst/, hospitable /'hυspıtəbl/, /hυs'pıtəbl/, etc.
In sentences words with two stresses tin can be pronounced with one unmarried stress under the influence of rhythm, e.g. thir'teen, just: Her 'number is 'thirteen ˛hundred.
Under the influence of rhythm a shifting of give-and-take-stress can be observed in words with secondary stress, e. g.: 'qualifi'cation � 'merely Qualification (emphatic variant).
Therhythmic stress affects the stress pattern of a keen number of words in the English language. This results in the secondary accent, e.chiliad. ˛refu'gee, ˛utilize'ee, ˛engi'neer, ˛pictu'resque, ˛occu'pation, etc.
Under the influence of rhythm compounds of three elements may accept a strongstress on the 2d element; e.g. hot 'water bottle (������, waste), waste product 'newspaper basket (������� ��� �������� �����).
In everyday voice communication the post-obit variants of stress patterns tin also i � observed:
i. stylistically conditioned accentual variants, eastward.m. territory /'terətərı/ (full style) � /'terətrı/ (rapid colloquial way);
2. individual, free accentual variants, e.k. hospitable /'hυspıtəbəl/, /'ha:spətəbəl/.
Similar cases tin can be observed in Russian, east.g.
������ /��ó���/, /��Λ�ó�/ � both variants are correct.
I ice accentual variants should not be dislocated with orthoepically incorrect accentuation.
According to the data given by Russian and foreign phoneticians the well-nigh common types of English stress patterns are:
in two-syllable words '� �, east.grand. later on
� '�, e.one thousand. before
in three-syllable words '� � � , e.g. family
�' � �, e.g. importance
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